Recognizing The Benefits Of Not Only A Diverse Workforce,

Recognizing the benefits of not only a diverse workforce, but a diverse culture has been an issue for us since the founding of this nation. We’ve seen from the beginning how intolerance and bigotry was present in a society which proclaimed that all men are created equal by decree. Our society has struggled with the inclusion of anyone into our culture who did not fit the mold of we saw was the norm simply because it was different. This brief discussion focuses on how those differences can be harnessed to produce a more productive workforce making the proclamation that all men are really equal come true. I’ll begin by talking about the importance of having people with different lifestyles included in our workforce. Then I’ll discuss†¦show more content†¦People will be more apt to spend their money more comfortably with them (Mayhew, 2017). There are intangible benefits to maintaining a robust diversity policy starting with the way people are able to engage in interpersonal relationships in the workplace. Individuals will always have some kind of conflict in the workplace. How people deal with that conflict will determine the effectiveness of their overall performance. The more diverse an organization is has a direct correlation to how well people are able to deal with conflict and adversity. The degree in which we’re able to resolve interpersonal conflict directly affects employee productivity. This high level interaction also builds the mutual respect we have for each other. When people are able to see and recognize each other’s differences while working through conflict as it arises, builds respect also allowing an increase in overall productivity (Mayhew, 2017). Recruiting and Retaining a Diverse Workforce A diverse workforce is required to be successful in today’s business market. People want to be a part of an organization which embraces diversity at all levels and tiers of a company not just at the entry or middle management. One of the ways to retain a diverse workforce is to ensure people can see that diversity at every level not just in the new location where they were just hired. Seeing this will allow a future vision of upward mobility unhindered by barriers commonlyShow MoreRelatedThe Best Practices Diversity Management And How Do They Improve Organizational Performance?924 Words   |  4 Pagesdiversity management and how do they improve organizational performance? Introduction As we enter the new phase of modern labor, diversity in the workforce is rapidly increasing. This wave of multiculturalism is here to stay and cannot be ignored by the present workers or students that are preparing to take charge of the future workforce. It is in need of attention in order to uphold the well-being and success of businesses and organizations all over the world. Diversity The overallRead MoreThe Challenges Of Human Resource Management872 Words   |  4 PagesManagement deal with managing a diverse work force from all around the world merging race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organizational function, education, background and more. Diversity not only involves how people identify themselves, but how they identify others.. According to a July 2011 study conducted by Forbes and written by Mary Ellen Egan â€Å"It is no longer simply a matter of creating a heterogeneous workforce, but using that workforce to create the innovativeRead MoreEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The worlds increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are now part of a worldwide economy with competition coming from nearly every continent. For this reason, profit and non-profit organizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issueRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace Has Become A Priority For Managers1540 Words   |  7 Pagesworldwide. This drive toward diversity has been stimulated by dramatic shifts from manufacturing jobs away from advance capitalism economies, a rise in service sector jobs, and, in some cases, a sincere business ethic. Diversity is generally defined as recognizing, understanding, and accepting an individual based on their differences and is typically classified into two categories. The primary category, age, gender, sexual orientation, etc., depicts the most noticeable differences between individuals. TheRead MoreThe Multicultural Workforce Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe Multicultural Workforce: Inside Worldwide Telecommunications Inc. Introduction Telecommunication is a vital element within a growing company. But it is the diversity of a multicultural workforce that is the actual drive of the business. Telecommunication is the fastest way businesses are conducted all over the world. Employees would be lost without the aide of their computers, fax machines, and cellular phones. These machines not only make the work load process smoother and fasterRead MoreStrategic Analysis : Strategic Human Resource Management Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable, it makes sense that HRM would try to take a pro-active step and forecasting for the future is one strategic way to plan rather than yesterday’s thoughts of simply recruiting, training, and employee benefits. Another example that requires implementation of SHRM is of the aging workforce. Analysis and data must be conducted to determine how this new shift could affect the organization and what changes, if any, need to happen to provide the transition amongst its employees as well as hiringRead MoreManaging Organizational Diversity845 Words   |  3 PagesBecause of globalization, there is need for improved relations amon g people of diverse beliefs, backgrounds as well as cultures. In the modern world, individuals no longer work and live in a confined marketplace: they have become part of the emerging world economies with competition from every corner of the continent. Therefore, it is important for non-profit and profit organizations to not only become open to change but also be creative. According to Kouzes Barry (2002) â€Å"management of diversityRead MoreOrganizational Performance Within The Global Realm1648 Words   |  7 Pageshold the workforce differences while advancing the organization. The search has led to the agreement that one overwhelming organizational behavior will successfully move the bottom line faster and in a positive global direction. Devoting the appropriate assets to diversity and diversity programs, the financial leaps will inevitably bring positive changes (Jayne Dipboye, 2004). These changes are more apt to connect to the global market through attracting a broader customer and workforce base. ARead MoreA Brief Note On Race And Gender, And The Family Medical Leave Act Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesculture where people from diverse backgrounds can work together harmoniously! Globalization has transformed society and has had its impact on diversity from the president of the free world, Barack Obama, changing the look of leadership from a middle aged white male to anyone can be president of the United States. Since the world has become intergrated, every business must embrace diversity in the workforce because it represents their customers and suppliers. â€Å"A diverse body of talent with freshRead MoreBenefits and Cost of Valuing Diversity Essay629 Words   |  3 Pagesshould be valued in order to achieve the greatest competitive advantage, improve business performance and to enhance the progress and growth of the company. Diversity does not only have benefits. It also has disadvantages such as increasing conflicts, detrimental work behaviors and communication barriers. Benefits of valuing diversity A company with workers from different backgrounds should be valued because it has a wide variety of talents and has a competitive advantage over a homogeneous

Research Proposal. Leadership Style Organizational...

RESEARCH PROPOSAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT INTRODUCTION Different leadership organisations have different leadership styles that they have adopted in their operations. However it is up to an organization to make sure that the leadership style it uses contributes to the commitment of different stakeholders in an organization. Organizational commitment is one of the salient on going organizational issues faced by managers. Past literature has highlighted the importance of retaining committed employees as an aspect of survival for organization hence many forward thinking are striving to create a positive organizational climate in order to keep those good employees through various human resource initiative (Chew, J, †¦show more content†¦2. Which leadership style qualifies to be the best? 3. What qualifies it to be the best leadership style LITERATURE REVIEW There are various different leadership styles that organizations normally adopts each one of them have different impact on the organizational commitment on stakeholders. This includes a) Laissez Faire Leadership b) Transactional Leadership c) Transformational Leadership LAISSEZ FAIRE LEADERSHIP Laissez faire is the absence of effective leadership (Yukl G, 2010). Laissez faire leaders ignore problems and follower (Yukl G, 2010) and they do not contribute to the growth of the follower ( (Northouse, 2007). Feedback, rewards and leader involvement are totally absent in this type of leadership hence reduced organisational commitment. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP A TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER is a person who stimulates and inspires followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes (Robbins, 2007)It has been shown to influence organisational members by transforming their values and priorities while motivating them to perform beyond their expectations (Rowold, 2007)Increased levels of job satisfaction reduced turnover intentions are consequences of transformational leadership. It is all about leadership that creates positive change in the followers whereby they take care of each other’s interests and act in the interestsof the groupas a whole (Warrilow, 2012) There are four components of transformation style (Warrilow, 2012) a)Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Selecting A Committee965 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant step in the process of preparing for a dissertation. 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In order to demonstrate my leadership development, I

Entire Course all Weeks DQS Assignments free essay sample

BEH 225 Complete CourseBEH 225 Week 1 Checkpoint Research Methods (Appendix B)BEH 225 Week 1 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 1 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 2 Assignment Brain Response of Behavior (Appendix C) BEH 225 Week 2 CheckPoint Heredity and HormonesBEH 225 Week 3 CheckPoint Intelligence Presentation (Powerpoint) BEH 225 Week 3 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 3 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 4 Assignment Problem Solving SimulationBEH 225 Week 4 CheckPoint Skinner ArticleBEH 225 Week 5 CheckPoint Motivating EmployeesBEH 225 Week 5 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 5 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 6 Assignment Interview OutlineBEH 225 Week 6 Assignment T.V. Character Evaluation (Appendix D) BEH 225 Week 6 CheckPoint Personality Assessment and Theories BEH 225 Week 7 CheckPoint Evaluation and JudgmentBEH 225 Week 7 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 7 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 8 Assignment Diagnosis and TreatmentBEH 225 Week 8 CheckPoint Psychological Disorders Presentation (Powerpoint) BEH 225 Week 9 Capstone DQBEH 225 Week 9 Final Project Interview Profile Shaahree Buckley TO DOWNLOAD COMPL ETE A + WORK VISIT LINK BELOWhttp://homeworklance. We will write a custom essay sample on Entire Course all Weeks DQS Assignments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page com/downloads/beh-225-entire-course-weeks-dqs-assignments/ Visit Our Site: Homeworklance.comContact us : [emailprotected] com BEH 225 Entire Course all Weeks DQS AssignmentsTO DOWNLOAD COMPLETE A + WORK VISIT LINK BELOWhttp://homeworklance.com/downloads/beh-225-entire-course-weeks-dqs-assignments/BEH 225 Complete CourseBEH 225 Week 1 Checkpoint Research Methods (Appendix B)BEH 225 Week 1 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 1 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 2 Assignment Brain Response of Behavior (Appendix C) BEH 225 Week 2 CheckPoint Heredity and HormonesBEH 225 Week 3 CheckPoint Intelligence Presentation (Powerpoint) BEH 225 Week 3 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 3 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 4 Assignment Problem Solving SimulationBEH 225 Week 4 CheckPoint Skinner ArticleBEH 225 Week 5 CheckPoint Motivating EmployeesBEH 225 Week 5 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 5 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 6 Assignment Interview OutlineBEH 225 Week 6 Assignment T.V. Character Evaluation (Appendix D) BEH 225 Week 6 CheckPoint Personality Assessment and Theories BEH 225 Week 7 CheckPoint Evaluation and JudgmentBEH 225 Week 7 DQ 1BEH 225 Week 7 DQ 2BEH 225 Week 8 Assignment Diagnosis and TreatmentBEH 225 We ek 8 CheckPoint Psychological Disorders Presentation (Powerpoint) BEH 225 Week 9 Capstone DQBEH 225 Week 9 Final Project Interview Profile Shaahree Buckley TO DOWNLOAD COMPLETE A + WORK VISIT LINK BELOWhttp://homeworklance.com/downloads/beh-225-entire-course-weeks-dqs-assignments/ Visit Our Site: Homeworklance.comContact us : [emailprotected]

Business Outsourcing Functions & Objectives †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Outsourcing Functions And Objectives. Answer: Reflective writing This reflection is based on the learning I have gained from the execution of the previous assignments of this business research. I have executed this business research on the topic Outsourcing which is of much importance element of the dynamic business environment. I have conducted this business research for the attainment of the objectives of the course. I will discuss the skills and knowledge I have gained as well as important aspects which have contributed to my experience. I have assembled quality data by applying various methods of data collection available. These different methods of data collection have ensured that focus is on assembling quality and relevant data. From the assembled data, it has been analyzed that outsourcing is an important aspect for every organization as the organizations are outsourcing their business functions for different objectives (Jahyun Goo, 2009). I have knowledge of the importance of outsourcing and role played by outsourcing. I have analyzed that companies are using outsourcing for different reasons. Outsourcing decision is considered as a strategic decision as this directly affects the cost involved and control on the operations of the function outsourced. I have analyzed that outsourcing affects the performance of the business at large. Organisations of different sizes are preferring outsourcing as an effective approach for increasing effectiveness of the function. The decision regarding the use of outsourcing is de pendent on different factors. These factors are categories into advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing (Neuman, 2014). I have composed an objective for defining the goals which needed to be achieved from the execution of the research program. The objectives which I have defined in this research are an analysis of the concept of outsourcing, the role played and importance of outsourcing and advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing of the business functions. Information has been gathered on the basis of these objectives by applying different data collection methods (Hill, 2008). Objectives which I have defined have formed a base for defining the scope of the research program. Views of the different authors have been presented in the literature review section of the assignment for meeting the objectives set. The literature review discusses the aspects covered in the objective for forming a base for the topic of the research. Analysis has been done on the different methods of data collection for ensuring that the selection has been made of the most appropriate methods (Patricia Hardre, 2010). Outsourcing has been defined as a process where a function of the business is delegated to the external party with a motive to increase effectiveness and efficiency and reducing the cost involved in the function. I have analyzed that with the use of outsourcing businesses are capable of focusing on the core activities or functions of the business. I can define the term outsourcing on the basis of the knowledge I have gained as transferring the duties, roles and responsibilities related to a function to a third party or outside party for a certain amount. The positive impact of outsourcing can be seen on the increase in effectiveness of the core functions of the business and reducing the cost involved in the outsourced function. Businesses are moving towards the expansion of the area of operation which has affected the functioning of different functions of the business. For coping with this issue, businesses are using outsourcing (Ming-Chih Tsai, 2012). According to me, learning is essential for every individual as this learning process enhances the skills, knowledge, and experience gained. I personally believe that life is a learning process as one learns on every stage of the life. During the execution of each activity of the research, I have developed knowledge of different aspects of the research. The learning experience gained during this research program has prepared me for future prospects. I will be able to deal with the future events in a better manner by applying the knowledge and experience gained while execution of this research program. This experience is of great value as knowledge is an important asset which enhances the performance of the individual (Naber Wyatt, 2014). According to me, this learning process will be of great use for me as I have executed this program with my own efforts. I have prepared myself for performing the future roles assigned to me in a better manner. For the purpose of completion of the course, it is required to perform the activities in an effective manner. This business research has ensured that the expected outcomes of the business research are attained. This business research has formed a base which will guide the efforts in the right direction and complete the program in a better manner. As a professional, I will need to conduct research programs with a motive to develop knowledge or gather data related to a topic. This business research has helped in meeting the future needs of the professional life. Outsourcing is an important element and this research has contributed to my knowledge regarding this concept. This knowledge will be used for the issues or event of the general life (Dalley-Hewer, et. al., 2015). While the execution phase of the research program, I have divided the whole research program into different parts. These different activities or parts have helped me in performing the research successfully. A systematic approach has been followed throughout the research program for covering every aspect of the research. I have initiated the research program for assembling the quality data for maintaining the reliability of the data and presenting the views of the different authors. I have analyzed different sources of data collection. During the initiation of the data collection process, Knowledge of the outsourcing and different aspects related to outsourcing has been developed (Powers, et. al., 2016). This business research has enhanced my knowledge by contributing to the learning process. During the execution of the research program, I have analyzed various aspects related to the research. These aspects have helped in performing the research in a better manner. I have observed that while conducting a research, an individual need to collect data and arrange the data. Analysis of the data needs to be done for the purpose of drawing a conclusion on the basis of the analyzed data. This research has prepared me for performing the future research programs in a better manner. During the research program, knowledge has been developed regarding the role of ethics in the professional as well as personal life (O'Gara, 2014). I have initiated this research program in different parts for presenting the research data in a better manner by describing the different methods of data collection. In the assignment one of the research, data has been presented which is related to the topic. Assignment one has developed the knowledge of the outsourcing along with the benefits and challenges associated with the use of outsourcing in business. In the assignment two of this research, methods applied for data collection have been defined (Dalley-Hewer, et. al., 2015). This learning process which has been gained in this research has helped in the completion of the current program in a proper manner. I will use the knowledge gained for performing the events taking place in future in a better manner. This learning process has enhanced the quality of knowledge possessed (Barney Mackinlay, 2010). Thus, the key summary of the reflection is that this reflection has enhanced my experience which I will put to use in the future. I have learned regarding the different aspects of the business research topic which will form a base for the further activities or researches in the same area. I have learned the manner in which a research is conducted along with the importance of research. References Barney, K. Mackinlay, E. (2010). Creating Rainbows from Words and Transforming Understandings: Enhancing Student Learning through Reflective Writing in an Aboriginal Music Course.Teaching in Higher Education, 15(2), pp.161173. Dalley-Hewer, J., Opie, J. Knowles, N. (2015). A creative alternative to reflective writing: promoting skills of reflection through walking a labyrinth.Physiotherapy, 101, pp.e766e767. Hill, C. (2008). International Business: Competing in the Global Market Place. Strategic Management, 24(9). Jahyun Goo, R. K. (2009). The Role of Service Level Agreements in Relational Management of Information Technology Outsourcing: An Empirical Study. MIS Quarterly, 33(1), 119-145. Ming-Chih Tsai, K.-h. L. (2012). The dark side of logistics outsourcing Unraveling the potential risks leading to failed relationships. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 48(1), 178-189. Naber, C. Wyatt, T. H. (2014). The effect of reflective writing interventions on the critical thinking skills and dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 34(1), pp.6772. Neuman, L. (2014). Basics of Social Research. New York: Pearson. O'Gara, S. (2014). Writing a CPD article: a CPD article enhanced Shaun O'Gara's understanding of the process of writing a reflective account.Nursing Standard, 29(9), pp.6161. Patricia Hardre, M. C. (2010). Differential Effects of Web-Based and Paper-Based Administration of Questionnaire Research Instruments in Authentic Contexts-of-Use. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 42(1). Powers, E., Vance, M. Fleming, L. (2016). Teaching Reflective Writing Through Learning Communities: An Opportunity to Meet Student Needs and Improve Student-Faculty Relationships. Medical Science Educator, 26(1), pp.129133.

The Caucasian Chalk Circle Questions by Nicole Essay Example For Students

The Caucasian Chalk Circle Questions by Nicole Essay How does the language of the play differ from the language of scene 1? First of all the Scene 2 uses narrative language and speaking in a third person. This is used through out the performance by a character called the singer and Grusha/Simon. Even though the singer is actually given a character name he does not exist throughout the play other than narrating. The narrator first says once upon a time which shows this is a story being told in a past tense. The narrator sets the scene for the Governor and his wife His name was Georgi Abashvilli. The scene is then describing the revolution, which is taking place at this time, referring to deaths as a time of bloodshed. For that reason alone I feel like the beginning of the play starts off with a more modern language so theres a clear contrast between the different time periods and its easier to distinguish them. We will write a custom essay on The Caucasian Chalk Circle Questions by Nicole specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now * What is Nukha like? Nukha is a village in the Caucasus Mountains, which was ruled by the Governor Georgi Abashvilli, who did not rule it very well seeing how much he had purposely ignored the poor beggars and petitioners asking him for help. Nukha appears to be a poor village (apart from the Governors palace) this is shown by the miserable slum houses who are filled with poor and unfortunate people which do not have the money to live in the right accommodations. * What do you learn about the citys Governor, Georgi Abashvili his family and his style of leadership? What are his main concerns? Throughout Scene 2 we begin to learn more about the Governors family and the Governor himself. Georgi Abashvilli, displays absolutely no worry or care for his son and his wife in his very short appearance in the play as he hardly speaks a single line in Scene 2, which indicates his utter self-involvement. He has no interest in what does not concern him, which is verified when he entirely ignores the begging protestors outside his palace. Georgi is also described as showing lack of curiosity when the fat prince questions the war, this complete disrespect for the soldiers and the people of his city, proves his arrogance, which is in fact similar to his wifes. Natella Abashvilli proves her enormous arrogance and self-involvement just like her husband who has been murdered. Although her sons life is in danger her main attention remains exclusively on her wardrobe and the haste to save the dresses, which concludes in to her carrying the dresses out to the carriage rather than her son. Ins tead she leaves the son in the care of her servants, concerned only with her safety and appearance. These actions are presented to and therefore believed by the audience to be typical of upper-class mothers. * Does the scene involving the two doctors develop your understanding of the Governor? I feel like it helped me to understand how much power and authority he had in the town of Nukha. Georgi possessed his own doctors who were right at his service taking care of his only child better than he was ever able to. It also made me realise that he did not only had doctors, he had everyone wrapped around his little finger and of course his wife took advantage of that. The Governor and his wife were both arrogant and preferred to have the doctors at their service rather than helping all the poor, homeless people out on the streets. * Describe the meeting between Grusha and Simon. Why do they speak to each other in the third person? .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 , .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .postImageUrl , .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 , .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3:hover , .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3:visited , .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3:active { border:0!important; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3:active , .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3 .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ba2960b31dcec8c861e7c86989d81f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sup Natl in macbeth1 EssayGrusha seems to be very shy and raised to believe shes not as significant as the other characters like Natella because of her social status. This is why she handles herself very proper because that is the way shes used to being. Shes not used to having any attention on her therefore when Simon flirts with her indirectly (by the use of the third person) she answers back with the use of the third person as of her shy personality. However additionally even though Simon has more confidence, his romantic interest in Grusha brings out the fearful side in him, which causes him to talk in the third person. * Why is the Governor suspicious of Prince Kazbeki? How are his suspicions justified? The relationship between the Prince Kazbeki and the Governor is foreshadowed by the Governors comment, in which he states his surprise on being greeted by his own brother. The way Prince Kazbeki greets his brother is so unusual to the Governor that he remarks on it, But did you hear Brother Kazbeki wish me a happy Easter? This indicates the suspicion on the reason why Governor was greeted him the way he did which was obviously not their usual greeting. Turns out his suspicions were right after his own brother has killed him. * Why must Simon leave? What is Grushas reaction to his departure? What promises are made? The purpose of Simon leaving is to go and protect the Governors wife from the riots seeing as Natella being an upper class deserves more protection than anyone else in the palace. Nevertheless before Simon sets off and after his attempt to flirt with Grusha he finally has the courage to propose to her and give her a silver cross, which is the sign of an engagement. I believe that she has only accepted the proposal because she wants to belong to someone and feel loved which she has not in a very long time, this is why she promises Simon that no matter what happens she will wait for him and she must fulfill her objective. * How does the Governors wife come to leave the child behind? Through Scene 1 we can see the awful relationship between the Governors wife and her son Michael. She seems to only carry the child with her only because the child is hers although her actions do not express that. Georgi of course, builds only for his little Michael! Never for me Natella is in fact shown to be jealous of her own son getting more attention from her husband than her, the cause of this might be she is craving for his love and attention however that statement raises a very important question as to what is the point of having a child if you dont surround it with eternal love? This again is shown when as soon as Natella sees the fire she rushes off and leaves the child with people who do not care for it at all. * Why does Grusha take the child? What does the singer mean by terrible temptation to do good? Does anyone support Grusha in her actions? I believe Grusha chooses to take the tiny isolated child with her seeing as no one else seemed to care for it. Even his own mother Natella had left him behind after announcing there was a fire visible as at last she noticed the fire-reddened sky. Everyone else seem to believe Michael has caught the plague and take no notice of it, but just because Grusha is insignificant to them they do not want her to take him with her Keep your hands off him. She as a maid is alone and unimportant to the res t of the characters so for that reason alone shes able to empathise with Michael, as she knows what it feels like to be thought of as a burden. By terrible temptations to do good the singer means Grusha is tempted to take Michael with her as deep down in her heart she knows its the right thing to do but also there may be concerns as to her not having enough money to actually look after the child and provide him with the right accommodations.

Summary of Sociocultural Perspectives on Second Language Writing Essays

Summary of Sociocultural Perspectives on Second Language Writing Essays Summary of Sociocultural Perspectives on Second Language Writing Essay Summary of Sociocultural Perspectives on Second Language Writing Essay The sociocultural perspective on writing explains how culture, as a central factor in teaching becomes its core and soul. Language teachers, equipped by their own cultural influences, can bend something according to their own interpretation. Thus, writing is a form of constructing one’s identity – it doesn’t transmit ideas alone, rather it defines the writer itself. However there are things that will define and enhance the personality, development, and uniqueness of a writer. Writers use linguistics and cultural tools to create a construct of themselves. They make use of concepts, words or any means of communications that will define how relate to the things around them. Each individual has his own distinct position as a writer. In the example cited about the classroom dialogue, is a proof that even can articulate well on their own views, in their own ways. Second language writing can be a strong factor in constructing an identity. As argued, â€Å"context in turn constructs the writer.† Given a wider array of topics wherein one must write about, the writer can explore his wits and be devoid of the polarization that writing about one-dimensional perspective on one’s culture can create. Removing topic restrictions in writing for students can help in reforming identities for the writer. It gives one, the ability to explore on bigger things, expand knowledge, go through challenges that will mold a new identity construct. As such, culture, social identity and self are vague concepts. Yet the concept has itself an important role in second language learning. These concepts become a factor in the student’s learning in such a way that they increase their capacity to dictate the flow in their written discourse whenever they have the full understanding of the contexts that they are engaged with. It also equips them the ability to reach through ideas that are not common to them, extending their horizons to other’s culture is a rich experience. In this view, second language writers become â€Å"border crossers† because they are not just extending their knowledge onto their own self, but as well as others perceptions. And this shall mean, that they are becoming richer in knowledge, exploring wide cultural and linguistic possibilities. The Puerto Rican Influence During the 19th century, Romanticism movement widely influenced the Puerto Rican literature. This era was a rise of patriotic writings which ignited the revolt in 1868. Prompting the revolution, in 1869, the Americans took over Puerto Rico, which at first were welcomed by the people thinking they would gain their independence. But failure to gain independence from the Americans had once again fueled patriotic writers who continued writing poetries of disapproval. This take over pushed Puerto Ricans to United States. However, they were able to maintain their cultural identity. In their migration to US, they inhabited a large part of New York City. Here, they continued pursuing their heritage. Though they have faced racial discrimination, they formed a sub-culture Nuyorican Movement. The Nuyorican Movement was comprised of Puerto Rican novelists, essayists and poets living in New York. This was a result of these people who were trying really hard to maintain their culture even if they were living in a foreign land. (Gray) Amidst the pressure of the city, the Puerto Ricans managed to keep their self-identity. They have maintained the culture, the language and the heritage. That most of the Puerto Rican writers have pursued with their works in order to provide continuity for their rich culture, is the main reason why Puerto Ricans have embedded their influence upon the Americans. Their refusal to succumb to the environment and give up their lineage was one thing that kept them abreast with their culture (Garcia). The Puerto Ricans social network has remained closely knitted despite being pushed to a different homeland. They have not secluded their culture, instead, they continued to uphold their culture and traditions. In this way, they were able to share their culture and in the process influence the people around them. And having a rich culture in writing, they were able to reach foreign culture. And until this era, their culture still shows the effect that they had in American literature.

Monetary Theory of Germany Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Monetary Theory of Germany - Research Paper Example The Bundesbank Act of 1957 birthed the central bank of Germany. In the period since the independent Bundesbank has been successful in pursuing price stability. In fact, the ECB and other central banks in the EU transition economies have been modeled after it. The Bundesbank, by any definition of targeting, cannot be defined as a monetary targeter (Haan 67). Instead, it consciously uses its monetary targets as a signaling framework for intent and explaining its policies to the public. This has given the monetary stance taken by the bank an increased level of transparency, which has, in turn, enhanced its flexibility when it comes to economic responses such as the reunification process. Another step that the bank has taken to its benefit has been its independence from control by political events. The Bundesbank has taken transparency in a meaningful manner and has announced, publicly, its medium-term policy goal of a 2% inflation rate and given information regarding its economic outcomes and policies that are necessary assessing the bank’s performance. Its steps towards this direction have proven that accountability to the standard that clearly helps rather than stands in the way of central bank independence in the long term. The highest form of praise for the successful steps taken by the Bundesbank over the past years has been imitation by other central banks. This has especially been so because of its independence from political control, a legal statement that commits itself to price stability, and monetary target adoption. (Haan 70). The Bundesbank is not a monetary targeter. However, this does not imply that inflation in Germany has stayed low due to fac tors beyond the bank’s control or luck. Historical records, as well as those from the past five years, have shown a different utilization of monetary targets. It uses the targets as a signaling framework. On top of increased transparency, the Bundesbank has taken to disciplined discretion (Haan 70). This is neither a complicated hidden law followed by the Bundesbank or the occurrences that follow when conservative central banks possess autonomy. It means that the bank has committed itself in publicly clarifying the stance and intent of its monetary policy regarding its

Dans quelle mesure peuton dire que les in&#233galities de salaire Essay

Dans quelle mesure peuton dire que les inégalities de salaire existent toujours pour les femmes en France - Essay Example Au contraire, l'tude montre un cart d'entre 6% (ouvriers) et 68% (chefs d'entreprise) dans les salaires mensuels nets, moyennant 37% tous temps de travail confondus, et 24% pour les postes temps complets. La catgorie avec le moins d'carts est la catgorie des employs (entre 6 et 8%). Les moins bien payes touchent 91% du niveau de salaire des hommes, alors que les 10% les mieux rmunres n'en peroivent que 75% (Observatoire des ingalits 2006). En ce qui concerne la fonction publique, les plus rcentes tudes publies par l'INSEE (2004) montrent un cart de 20% dans le salaire annuel nets pour les postes temps complets. Tandis que les femmes cadres et des employes et ouvrires qui travaillent dans le secteur public gagnent nettement moins que les hommes (entre 20 et 25%), des professionnelles gagnent presque le mme salaire que leurs collgues masculins (20,400 contre 21,900). Ses statistiques sont controverses de par le fait que les vraies diffrences sont difficiles cerner. Dans certaines instances, le statut complexe de la femme franaise entre mre de famille et travailleur rendre difficile la tache de comparaison. L'volution des lois sur le travail (le SMIC par exemple) a fait que les femmes d'aujourd'hui gagnent plus que ses surs d'il y a un demi-sicle (Clark 2000, p.77), mais 80% des salaris qui gagnent le SMIC et moins sont des femmes (Maurin 2000). Cela ne dmontre pas une ingalit de salaire mais une ingalit dans le systme du travail. La culture franaise insiste sur la place primordiale de la femme la maison, en assurant la stabilit de la vie de famille. Puisque des femmes doivent penser aux enfants, soit elles ne poursuivent pas des tudes au-del du baccalaurat-qui leur donne accs qu'aux postes mal pays-o elles ne travaillent qu' temps partiel. Ces ingalits se rvlent par une infriorit de salaire dans des statistiques globales, mais ce qui est plus important retenir c'est que les horaires infrieurs effectus par les femmes ne sont pas reflts par les tudes, donc on ne peut que supposer un cart plus important que ceux reporter par des statistiques officielles. D'autre lment qui rend compliqu la question d'ingalits de salaire est la diffrence des qualifications entre hommes et femmes et leur concentration dans des diffrents secteurs et filires. Les femmes sont plutt concentres dans des filires avec des salaires bas (Gregory et Tidd 2000, p. 36), par exemple, elles sont plutt dans l'administration (secrtaires, rceptionnistes) et l'enseignement (surtout dans la maternelle). SelonMargaret Maruani, sociologue et directrice de recherche au CNRS, cela est la faute de l'ducation, ou les filles sont traditionnellement orientes vers des filires fminines tandis que des garons le sont vers des filires dites nobles telles que sciences conomiques (Maurin 2000). En outre des secteurs de salaire infrieur, les mres gravitent aussi vers les botes relativement petites et intimes (Gregory et Tidd 2000, p.36). En tudiant des secteurs quivalents, on trouve qu'en gnral les femmes occupent des postes moins qualifis que des hommes mme si maintenant elles ont plus d'accs aux mtiers qualifis (Maurin 2000). Mme quand elles se trouvent parmi les cadres suprieurs, son statut et par la suite son salaire n'est pas forcment la mme que ses collgues masculins. Maruani

A Comparison of world religions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Comparison of world religions - Essay Example The Hindus do not eat meat. Shinto does not look at the emperor in the face. Native American people fear handling the dead (Hall et al., 2006). In Islam, pork is forbidden. The act of eating anything in Islam is a form of worship. It is this reason that makes Muslims selective in food. Muslims do not eat pork because the Quran prohibits them from doing so. They also do not drink alcohol because they say it intoxicates the brain as stipulated in the holy Quran. Intoxicating the body by eating ‘unlawful’ food is a sin (Naik, n.d). In Hindu, eating beef is taboo. The Hindus do not eat beef because they associate cows with God’s creation. In the past, Hindus used to sacrifice bulls for religious purposes. The beef would then be eaten. Things later changed among these religious groups. Individuals would be holier by avoiding beef. Nowadays a cow, to a Hindu, is a source of life. The cow is a sacred creature that must not be eaten. Consuming other products like milk, however, is accepted (Nigosian, 2007). They believe that there are severe consequences that come as a result of breaking a taboo. One would be jealousy of others, angry, anxious, and fearful of death. Hindus believe that if they inflict pain on others, including cows, the same pain will rebound on them (Hall et al., 2006). In Christianity, the taboos regarding the choices of food are different among the Protestants, Orthodox and Roman Catholics. Roman Catholics do not eat meat on Fridays during lent time. They fast during lent because they believe it improves spiritual discipline. Fasting is also believed to enable a Catholic overcome the physical world’s sensations and focus on spiritual growth. The Catholics believe that sacrifices are offerings to God. God, therefore, deserves to receive the best form of sacrifice. The Catholics choose meat because it is always associated with celebrations. Eating meat on Fridays is,

Economic Policy In Sweden During The Great Depression Economics Essay

Economic Policy In Sweden During The Great Depression Economics Essay When the Great Depression swept across Europe in the early 1930s the impact of the economic downturn varied across countries. While for example Germany, Austria and most of Central Europe experienced a long and deep economic crisis, the economies of the Nordic countries Sweden, Denmark and Norway were not only affected later and more mildly by the Depression, but also recovered earlier. The crisis in Sweden for example only lasted a little more than two years (in Germany and Poland it lasted for more than 4 years, see graph 1) and peak decline in industrial production was at 10.3% while for example Germany or Poland had declines in industrial production of more than 40% (see graph 2). Even when looking at comparable GDP figures, Sweden was with a decline of 6.5% well below countries such as Germany (25%) or Austria (23.4%, see graph 3). Moreover and of greater interest for this paper is the fact that Sweden did not only perform better during the Great Depression but also pursued a different economic policy. Most prominently cited amongst economic historians are two distinctly Swedish policy measures: First, looking at Swedens monetary policy, scholars point out, that the country left the gold standard very early and unique at that time simultaneously put the preservation of the domestic purchasing power of the krona on top of the political agenda. Second, it is often mentioned, that the Social-Democratic government, which came into power in 1932, invested heavily in public work programmes following a Keynesian-type fiscal policy. The present paper seeks to analyse whether these two factors are a) sufficient and b) withstand a closer empirical evaluation when it comes to explain the better development of Sweden during the Great Depression. In order to do so, the paper will, as a first step, outline the economic situation in Sweden and the corresponding economic policy prior to the crisis. This is necessary, as it provides an overview of the nature of Swedens economy, its degree of integration into the international market and accordingly its general contagion risk at the time of the crisis. Secondly, the above mentioned policy measures during the Great Depression will be outlined. Thirdly and most central in this paper is an analyses of the effectiveness and consequences of these policy measures. The last chapter will then draw the attention to other factors outside the control of government policy that might have helped Sweden to ease the effects of the Great Depression. Literature Immune to crisis? Swedens economic development prior to the Great Depression Even though Swedens macro-economic policy is often seen as the major contributor to the countries positive development during the Great Depression, one must not fail to see, that some of the reasons for this development are rather to be found in specific characteristics of Swedens economy prior to 1929/31 than in any explicit policy measure thereafter. Two pre-existing conditions can be outlined, that seemed to have stabilized the economy during the crisis. Firstly, a constantly undervalued krona made Swedish exports cheap on the international market. Secondly, the banking sector in Sweden was centralized and crisis-prone. Thus, a banking panic never occurred. The following paragraphs explain these specifically Swedish conditions in greater detail. Traditionally, Swedens economy was based on the countrys rich endowments of iron and timber. Its main trading partner was Britain and later on Germany and the United States. During the beginning of the 20th century Sweden also became a major exporter of technologically sophisticated goods such as telephones (e.g. Ericsson) or appliances (e.g. Electrolux). As Sweden was at least on paper a neutral power during World War I (WWI) many investors sought to acquire Swedish assets at that time, as the country seemed to be a safe haven for capital. Additionally, by mainly exporting raw materials, Sweden could take advantage of the increase in foreign demand for those goods caused by WWI. By the end of the war Sweden had transformed from a major international borrower to a creditor to the rest of the world. While the export industry could profit from these developments, inflation increased mainly due to increasing costs for imports. Between 1915 and 1918 the cost of living rose by as much a s 90%. This inflation was eventually condemned between 1920 and 1924 when prices declined by 55% due to a restrictive monetary policy. After 1924 a slower, but persistent deflation continued until 1931. With such low domestic prices, Sweden was highly competitive on the international market. That is why during most of the 1920s Sweden experienced a strong export-led economic growth. This is why after WWI Sweden reinstated the gold standard as one of the first industrialized countries in 1924. Many economic historians believe that this return to the gold standard occurred at a rate that left the krona undervalued well into the 1930s. As a consequence Swedish exports remained highly competitive even in times of economic crisis. The domestic market also stabilized during the 1920s. Due to export bans and high import taxes during and after WWI, Swedish consumers, whose purchasing power constantly increased during the 1920s, substituted imports with domestic products. Additionally, demographics played a role. During the 1920s and 1930s there was a rapid rise in the number of young people of working age (especially those aged 20-29). Respectively, demand for housing, food, clothes and other consumer products increased which contributed to a strong growth of domestic production as well. When the stock market crash of October 29, 1929, triggered the Great Depression, another factor for Swedens low proneness to crises became obvious. Swedens banking structure was very concentrated. This was much in contrast to for example the United States, where the banking structure was highly fragmented and decentralized. According to Ben Bernanke, such a structure is much more likely to cause banking panics. Sweden however was characterized by a branch banking system, where risks were dispersed. It is argued that especially in the case of Sweden, earlier experiences with failing banks in the 1920s had led to reforms that had put the banking system on a sound footing. That is why at the beginning of the 1930s the banking sector in Sweden did not experience widespread panics. Putting all these facts together, it can be argued, that Sweden was from the very beginning less likely to be effected by the Great Depression than those countries whose banking sector collapsed. This especially holds true when considering the fact that trust in the economy never vanished in Sweden due to a generally stable banking structure. Additionally, even though exports declined from 1931 until 1932, Swedens export industry always remained highly competitive. This was not least due to an undervalued krona, whose parity remained stable well into the 1930s. Nevertheless, analyzing the characteristics of Swedens economy prior to the Great Depression only answers part of the question to why Sweden performed considerably better during the crisis than other nations. Especially when Sweden left the gold standard in 1931, specific policy measures as described in chapter two played an equally significant role. What was so special? Swedens response to the Great Depression Prior to the Great Depression, the political mainstream of the Western industrialized world followed a laissez-faire ideology that propagated the free play of the market. It was believed that capitalism had a self-equilibrating tendency, leading to an optimal level of resource utilization. Hence, economic policy at that time simply meant that governments should balance their budget, maintain the gold standard and let businesses reequilibrate themselves. However, while many countries had to reconsider their economic policies during the Great Depression, Sweden had already made this step beforehand. During the late 1920s, Swedens economic policy was already based on the advice of trained economists who did not solely propagate the contemporary neo-classical view on economics but rather pursued their own theories on how the state should react during an economic crisis. This so called Stockholm School was a loose group of economists whose most important figures were Knut Wicksell, Eli He ckscher, Gustav Bagge, Bertil Ohlin and David Davidson. Especially Knut Wicksells findings at the beginning of the 20th century inspired most of the works of his followers. Wicksell is best known for Interest and Prices, his contribution to the fledgling field now called macroeconomics. In this book and in his 1906 Lectures in Political Economy, volume 2, Wicksell sketched out his version of the quantity theory of money (monetarism). The standard view of the quantity theory before Wicksell was that increases in the money supply have a direct effect on prices-more money chasing the same amount of goods. Wicksell focused on the indirect effect. In elaborating this effect, Wicksell distinguished between the real rate of return on new capital (Wicksell called this the natural rate of interest) and the actual market rate of interest. He argued that if the banks reduced the rate of interest below the real rate of return on capital, the amount of loan capital demanded would increase and the amount of saving supplied would fall. Investment, which equaled saving before the interest rate fell, would exceed saving at the lower rate. The increase in investment woul d increase overall spending, thus driving up prices. This cumulative process of inflation would stop only when the banks reserves had fallen to their legal or desired limit, whichever was higher. In laying out this theory, Wicksell began the conversion of the old quantity theory into a full-blown theory of prices. The Stockholm school, of which Wicksell was the father figure, ran with this insight and developed its own version of macroeconomics. In some ways this version resembled later Keynesian economics. Wicksell also argued passionately for making price stability the supreme goal of monetary policy. A stable price level, he maintained, made planning easier for participants in both financial and labour markets. In an 1898 analysis, Wicksells key recommendation for central banks was to increase interest rates whenever prices were rising and to lower them when prices were falling-a monetary policy that he considered to be straightforward. He argued that low interest rates would tend to increase prices. A low rate of interest would lead a borrower to buy some commodity which otherwise he would not have bought at all and would lead someone who wishes temporarily to keep some or all of his goods off the market . . . [to ask ] . . . the Bank for money with which to meet his immediate or pending liabilities without having to sell his goods. Thus, demand would rise and supply would fall, thereby ensuring an increase in prices.18 This meant that the stabilization of prices required only that interest rates be increased when prices were rising and reduced when prices were falling. Wicksell stressed that movements in the price level exerted a particularly large effect on borrowers because an increase in all prices made it easier to repay debts while a reduction made it harder. He also noted that real wages could be affected if nominal wages (in kronor) did not keep up with changes in prices. Even though Wicksell died in 1926 his followers such as Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin, Gustav Cassel and Gunnar Myrdal, could build upon his theoretical work and formulate concrete policy advice in 1931, when the Great Depression finally reached Sweden. The following paragraphs reveal how their influence and advice on the Swedish central bank (Riksbank) and on the political elite helped Sweden through the crisis. Monetary policy During the early months of 1931, Sweden was the recipient of capital inflows. However, the German standstill led many international investors to withdraw their funds from Sweden both because they lacked access to their German funds and because they feared that the crisis would spread. These withdrawals contributed to a drastic reduction in Swedish reserves. By September of 1931, reserves had fallen to less than one-tenth of their January level. Similar pressure was placed on the British financial system, and on September 21, Britain abandoned the gold standard. On September 27 Sweden, too, abandoned the gold standard. The Riksbank and the minister of finance immediately announced that the new monetary goal for the country would be to preserve the domestic purchasing power of the krona using all available means. The next day, September 28, the Riksdag gave its official assent by relieving the Riksbank of its responsibility to convert notes into gold at a fixed rate. People who wished to exchange kronor for foreign exchange could still do so at commercial banks, whose representatives met daily (along with a Riksbank official) to set exchange rates. In making price stability the primary objective of its monetary policy, Sweden pursued an internationally unique agenda. Based on Knut Wicksells argument that stable price levels made planning easier for participants in both financial and labor market, the Riksbank new role was to maintain price levels within a certain range. In order to do so, the first step the Riksbank undertook was to develop a new, weekly index of consumer prices. This was necessary as the goal was to give the public certain definite stand points for estimating future developments in prices. Consequently, the new index was designed to include a wide range of goods and services that reflected purchases made by average families in Sweden. This ensured that the purchasing power of the Krona could be measured for most individuals correctly. The weekly inflation was then computed by weighing the percent change in each good and service consumed by the fraction of total consumer expenditure that households allocated to this item. Instruments used by the Riksbank in order to fulfill the price stability target were changes in the discount rate and operations in the foreign exchange market. Accordingly, the Riksbank changed the discount rate from 8% to 6% in 1931 as there were no longer signs for a continuing inflation. After that, the discoun t rate was lowered to 2.5% in 0.5% steps until 1937. In retro perspective the monetary policy of the Riksbank proved to be very effective. Statistics show a considerably stable level of consumer prices between 1931 and 1938 (see graph 7). Most importantly however is the fact, that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the monetary program of 1931 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ maintained public trust and confidence in the banking sector. One can therefore conclude, that not only did the centralized branch system of the banking structure prevented Sweden from the experience of a fully scaled banking panic, but also a sound monetary policy based on the theoretical findings of the Stockholm School. Nevertheless, the price stabilizing policy of the Riksbank did not remain unchallenged. For example, Bertil Ohlin, who wrote an article entitled The inadequacy of price stabilization. There he acknowledged that the economic situation would most undoubtedly have been still worse if prices had been allowed to fall as they did in countries that kept to the old gold parity, and that the knowledge that the Riksbank would endeavor by every means in its power to prevent any appreciable fall in prices has exercised a reassuring influence on trade. However, Ohlin went on to argue that stabilization of prices could not prevent reductions in investment and hence in GDP. The next chapter explains how this argument was also put forward by the Social Democrats in 1932. Public deficit spending In the 1932 elections, the Social Democrats obtained the highest number of votes and formed a government. The new minister of finance, Ernst Wigforss, held that a monetary policy focused on price stability was insufficient to obtain an acceptable outcome for Sweden. The new finance minister had long championed the idea of intentional deficit spending in recessions. Wigforss had been a professor of linguistics at Lund before he became one of the leading intellectuals of the Social Democratic Party, and he worked closely with a number of Swedish economists, including Gunnar Myrdal, Erik Lindahl, and Bertil Ohlin. The group developed theories justifying the use of fiscal policy as a stabilization tool that were quite similar to those developed by John Maynard Keynes. In a 1928 article, for example, Wigforss wrote: If I want work for 100 people I do not need to put all 100 to work. . . . [I]f I can get an unemployed tailor work, he will get the opportunity to buy himself new shoes and in this way an unemployed shoemaker will get work. . . . This crisis is characterized above all by a relationship which is called a vicious circle. . . . One can say the crisis drives itself once it begins, and it [will] be the same once recovery begins. Wigforsss advocacy of deficit spending in response to the Depression was a radical departure from the policies of previous governments. Prior to 1933, government borrowing was primarily limited to loans for productive purposes, that is, for investments that would generate future government revenue, such as the postal service, telephones, electrical power generation, and railroads. Income derived from these activities would then cover the interest payments on the public debt while also generating additional income for the state.36 In contrast, nonproductive government expenditure was supposed to be paid for with current government revenues. Since it was impossible to predict current revenues or nonproductive expenditures accurately, Sw eden had reserve funds that accumulated any unanticipated surpluses. These funds were then available to cover unanticipated deficits. In the fiscal years 1931-1932 and 1932-1933, for example, the budget was balanced by reducing the reserves of the Alcoholic Drink Account. Thus, while budget deficits in the modern sense occurred, they were not acknowledged, and they were not the result of any policy aimed specifically at creating or allowing a deficit. One of the more controversial issues amongst economic historians is the questions whether public deficit spending and public work programs really helped Sweden out of the economic slump or whether they were merely a side note during the Great Depression. The reason for that is that the coming to power of the Social Democrats in 1932 are widely perceived as a turning point in Swedens economic policy and sometimes even as the global birth of modern macro-economic policy. However, empirical evidence proving that a special Social Democratic economic policy caused Swedens quick recovery is scarce. As a matter of fact, the debate about the future fiscal policy of Sweden under Social Democratic rule already circled around issues much similar to those that John Maynard Keynes dealt with four years later in his magnum opus the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Swedens financial minister Ernst Wigforss argued that price stabilization would not be enough to fight the depression. He rather proposed a public work program designed to put unemployed back to work even if this meant budget deficits. Much like the policy advocating stable prices, this one was again based on advice put forward by contemporary economists. This was a radical departure from the policies of previous governments. A balanced budget had always been the highest maxim. Usually, government loans were only used for investments that were expected to generate future profits such as postal services, railroads or electric power supply. All other nonproductive expenditures were paid for by reserves the government had built up. Unsurprisingly, this radical change in policy went not without fierce debate and controversy in parliament. The first unbalanced budget proposed by Wigforss for the years 1933 and 1934 was criticized for causing inflation and depriving businesses of capital necessary for their development. To counter these arguments, the Social Democrats moved away from financing public wor k programs through deficits and proposed an inheritance tax used to finance their plans. Additionally, the Agrarian Party did not agree to the budget as they feared a negligence of the population working in the agrarian sector. As a consequence, the Social Democrats had to include high subsidy payments for the agricultural sector in the budget. When it finally passed the parliament in 1933 much of the planned deficit spending policy had disappeared. Moreover, most of the funds still allocated to public work programs could not be put to use as a nationwide lockout of employees in the construction sector blockaded the building industry. This lockout took place because the employer association SAF wanted to enforce lower wages for the industry. This conflict was solved in 1934 and only then could the government finally make use of the allocated funds for public works. Did they find the Holy Grail? The effects of Swedens economic policy Renowned economist and chairman of the Fed, Ben Bernanke, wrote in his essay collection on the Great Depression that Understanding the Great Depression is the holy grail of macro-economics. He thereby referred to the very difficult but ultimately rewarding task of finding a definite answer to the question of the real causes of the Great Depression. This, he argues, could help to identify future crisis better and address them more effectively. When looking at the fact that Sweden had overcome the Depression rather well by applying certain types of policies, the question arises whether the Holy Grail might have already been found long before Bernanke published his book. This chapter will therefore look more closely at the real effect that the Swedish economic policy had from 1929 to 1937. The range and depth of the several above mentioned policy measures varied significantly. It is therefore convenient to divide the chapter into the several policy fields that were addressed between 1929 and 1937. The evaluation is mainly done by using statistics of key figures that are in direct relation to the executed policy. By drawing on secondary literature it is then elaborated whether the figures in the statistics did or did not change due to a specific policy or due to other factors. When looking at the debate on the cause of Swedens recovery the author argues that according to one view the increasing demand and thus increasing exports led to a recovery. Hence, monetary policy was the most powerful contributory factor. The public works policy could not have had any significant effect, since the works were not started on any substantial scale until recovery was well under way. On the other hand, the expansion of the export market at first did not have an extensive impact on the labor market as at first large pile of build up stock were used for exports. No increase in production or employment took place. The author concludes that it was a mixture of growing demand abroad, monetary policy, deficit spending and support of the agriculture that led to Swedens recovery. Even if it is clear that the public works did not lead to recovery it is unclear whether exports alone did the trick. Just lucky? External factors fostering Swedens recovery Leaving the gold standard After Great Britain left the gold standard on September 21st 1931, Sweden followed six days later as one of the first countries. The effects on both the domestic markets and the foreign sector were at first positive. Leaving gold meant that the Swedish Riksbank could lower the interest rate, therefore practicing an inflationary monetary policy rather than a deflationary policy as before. This let the money supply increase and accordingly aggregated product demand. As Sweden experienced a deflation prior to 1931 the increase in money now turned the economic situation into a mild inflation. This proved to be a rather favorable constellation, as with lower interest rates at the central bank and accordingly low real interest rates for businesses, investments increased. Hence, optimism amongst entrepreneurs never fell to a point where all investments were put on hold. Rather, trust in the economy always remained at a substantially high level, while prices remained at level that did not se em to hurt the economy too much. Another important factor was the effect of an inflationary monetary policy on the export sector. Leaving gold was followed by a depreciation of the Krona. This meant that Swedish products became cheaper and did not decrease significantly, which is remarkable when looking at global trade statistics during the Great Depression. Graph 6 shows that Swedish exports did quite well during the 1930s, while a lot of other western economies had to face significant declines in exports. Additionally, a depreciation of the Krona also meant that imports became more expensive for Swedish consumers. As a consequence import substitution occurred, strengthening domestic enterprises. All put together, it becomes evident (see Berry Eichengreen), that leaving the gold standard early played an important role for the depth of and the recovery from the Great Depression. Conclusion This paper examined the economic policy of Sweden during the Great Depression. The primary question was to find out which factors contributed to the relatively mild course of the crisis. Accordingly, the first chapter outlined the basic condition the Swedish economy was in prior to the crisis. This was a necessary entrance into the subject as it revealed that Swedens exposure to contagion was at least with respect to the banking sector limited. On the other hand, the chapter revealed as well that the decrease of foreign demand due to the crisis had a definite negative impact on Swedens export industry. Nevertheless, it can be argued that under these circumstances, Sweden was from the very beginning less likely to be effected by the Great Depression than those countries whose banking sector collapsed. This especially holds true when considering the fact that trust in the economy never vanished in Sweden due to generally stable, basic economic parameters. Hence, the specific characte ristics of Swedens economy prior and during the Great Depression already answer part of the question to why Sweden performed so well. As Sweden was nevertheless hit by the crisis through the export market and the collapse of the international trading system, the second part of the answer can be found within the internationally unique policy measures Sweden pursued between 1931 and 1937. In chapter two it is argued that Swedish politicians deliberately followed an economic policy outside the neoclassical mainstream. This is mainly due to the so called Stockholm school, whose followers very early acknowledged that the state had to play a vital role during an economic crisis. As this group of economist and their advice was very well accepted within the political elite, policy measures could be put into practice without having to make too many concessions to third parties. Thus, policy reaction to the crisis was quick and effective. In chapter three, several major policy measures that helped Sweden to recover from the Great Depression quicker than others are analysed in detail: the early abandoning of the gold standard, the stabilization of the purchasing power of the krona and public work programmes. While the suspension of the gold standard was merely a reaction to the fact that one of Swedens major trading partners, the UK, abandoned gold, the other two measures can clearly be traced back to the Stockholm School. It is argued in the paper, that stabilizing the purchasing power of the krona definitely helped to maintain trust in the economic system and provided planning reliability for businesses. The role of the public work programmes however remains somewhat blurry. Even though Sweden seems to be an early if not the first country to follow Keynesian-like policies, the effects of the deficit spending policy is somewhat disputed by scholars. There is however consensus on the fact that the policies of the Social Democrats in the early 1930s paved the way for true deficit spending and broad government intervention in the following decades, leading to the today renown Swedish welfare state. Lastly, Swedens quick recovery is looked upon in chapter four. As available statistics do not reveal a significant success of the government work program, outside factors might explain more accurately why Sweden recovered so quickly. Looking at exports statistics one can clearly see that a general upswing in the global business cycle was very well received by Swedens export industry. Especially the booming housing market in Great Britain pampered the export sector. Putting all pieces together, this paper showed that a mixture of internal and external factors helped Sweden to overcome the Great Depression better than others. While a relatively low exposure of the banking sector to the international market helped to maintain trust in the economy, the stabilizing monetary policy of the Riksbank strengthened the planning reliability for customers and businesses alike. The quick recovery at the end of the Depression however can mainly be traced back to external factors. Nevertheless, the fact that businesses could quickly react to the growth in foreign demand at all is in great parts due to the stabilizing policy of the government.

media and its influence on the public Essay -- essays research papers

The media is a huge form of communication and source of information in the United States; on one side of the dispute are the beliefs that the media is too opinionated. On the other side are the beliefs that the media is just a simple informer that just reports the facts. The main issue for both of these beliefs is: does the media affect opinions on the issues from opinionated reports, or does it just report the facts that public may already know? If one could answer this question then they would know if the media was responsible or not for writing history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media is a form of communication used to reach the general public to form audiences for information, artistic expression, and other kinds of messages (Marc, David, â€Å"Mass Media.† Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing, 2005 ). Media is known for being able to reach large segments of the public due to its great value in commerce, politics, and culture. Corporations like in the U.S. or national governments like in China, usually control the media. These corporations or national governments employ people who are professional and can produce, promote, and deliver these media products to meet the goal of attracting large audiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Media products can be produced and promoted in different ways using different objects. There are products such as books, videos, DVD’s, newspapers, and magazines. The ways media can be delivered to audiences are through t.v. channels, pay-per-view, movies, and radio broadcasting. Most media depends on profit to be produced and a lot of the profit comes from the selling of items like books, and the selling of advertisements like in newspapers or television.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some Historians say that forms of media first occurred during the medieval period in Europe rather than it forming in the industrial- era. It supposedly began in the architecture found in European Cathedrals which functioned like a mass medium of religious communication through biblical stories, religious information, paintings, sculptures, and other forms of art to a large illiterate population. The eighteenth century is often considered to be the beginning of media due to the first commercial printing industry in London. It was then, the eighteenth century, when publishing began and hand operated printing presses ... ...s its consistent failure to inform the masses of its ongoing control. It has been in place for so long that few are aware of how it came about or that it is even still there. But many people are intelligent, moral, and idealistic; if the media would the true history of these three sacred cows, that control would quickly disappear†(J.W. Smith, The Worlds Wasted Wealth 2, (Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), p.11). The media obtains support and conformity through many ways. After all the media is just another business trying to make a profit so should its buyers be guilty of its continuos to commit such accused wrongness.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media and its reporting of facts being biased or not is a large topic and is continually debated among those who believe the media should not contain its opinions and others who believe that it is the media’s duty to not only report the facts but to explain and interpret them. People should consider the fact that they choose what they want to read, listen to, and believe so does that make the informer wrong even if the information is not totally accurate or correct?

Art History Analysis Paper

This paper is a formal analysis of the Marble grave stele with a family group relief sculpture. It is a pentelic marble style relief standing at 171. 1cm tall carved by a master. It is from the Late Classical period of Greek, Attic which was completed around ca. 360 B. C. . I chose to analyze this piece as apposed to the others because I’m mainly attracted to art and sculptures from the Greek era. The overall color used in this relief is ivory with a few cracks and pieces broken off. There is some discoloration which causes the color to come off as slightly light brown for most of the relief. The sculpture appears larger compared to the other sculptures in the art room. It represents a family which includes a man, his wife, and their child united on one high relief. There is a fourth character that is a part of the relief but she appears to be incomplete. The high relief contributes to the overall size of this sculpture by expanding the shape and proportions of all the characters. The right side is compact consisting of three of the four characters while the left is loose with just a head present. The very first thing that my eyes are directed to is of the man sitting on a backless chair on the center-right side of the relief. He along with his chair is positioned where his whole body is shifted and he facing the left side of the relief and looking straight ahead. His hands are the only ones that are detailed to the extent that they show the definition of the finger nails and the wrinkles and creases on the fingers and knuckle area. The left hand is placed on his lap while the right hand is slightly wrapped around and holding a stick that is to his right side and is eye-level in front of the woman standing behind him. The stick is about an inch wide and round and looks as though it could possibly be a wooden cane for support. His body does somewhat look as though he is in shape although I can’t see any muscle definition partially due to the fact that his robe is blocking the front of his stomach. There also seems to be no body rolls and no body fat present. His attire is just a robe draped around his waist, over his lap and covering his legs all the way down to his feet. You can see that the excess material of the robe around his waist was intended for his whole body because of the multiple layers draped over his lap. There are no details of his toes or feet because of the missing piece of the relief but you’re able to see just the back of his foot. His inch long hair and full facial beard look extremely wavy and curly. The fact that his facial hair is present and thick on his face makes me assume that he is possibly in his forties although many men back in that time didn’t live that long. He is sitting with ease and his face seems calm all the while staring blankly ahead. Looking at his face straight on, there seems to be no emotion in his eyes. My eyes are then shifted towards the woman on the right side of the relief. The woman seems to be his wife and is shown standing extremely close to him. Since the chair is backless, I think her standing so close behind him depicts her unity with him. It seems as though she is his support and is there to follow him. She is right up against his back with her right hand up by her chest and his head. The wife and child’s attire displays a robe draped over the entire body leaving only her arms exposed although the wife has sleeves draping all the way down behind her forearm. The robe drapes over the wife’s head like a shawl or veil covering the back half of her head including her hair and ears. Her facial expression gives off a sense of sadness even though she is staring blankly ahead in the same direction as the husband. Compared to the man, her eyes aren’t as widely open and it seems as if she is slightly squinting giving me the idea that she may be crying or is holding it in. Overall, you can tell that she has no other emotion displayed on her face besides sadness. After examining the wife, I work my way down to the awkward and odd looking child standing in front of the mother and is facing forward, opposite of the parents. I’m not too sure whether the child is a male or female but based on the fact that she is basically fully clothed, I would say it’s a female. I describe the girl as awkward and odd looking because she is extremely tiny compared to her parents. Her mother’s hand is the same size as her head, maybe even slightly bigger. She looks like she can be the same size as a toddler but her body looks as though it’s close to being fully developed, almost like a shrunken lady. The girl is holding something in her left hand which looks like a small piece of paper. She is holding her mothers left hand with her right hand and the mother’s hand looks as though she is gently and delicately holding hers. She is standing behind her father but is slightly closer to his left side while her right arm is leaning on the chair. She is wearing a similar robe as her mothers except she doesn’t have a veil and the sleeves end at her armpits exposing her shoulder and arms. The expression on her face shows no emotion and she is also staring blankly ahead. Because there is no emotion on her face and since she is only a child, I assume she is at that age where she’s not aware of what’s going on yet. She doesn’t seem to comprehend the presence of sadness with along with the adults. The last person I look at is a woman on the upper left-hand corner of the relief. Her whole body is basically missing except for her head which remains fully intact. Her hair looks exactly the same as the wife’s hair but she doesn’t have a veil covering it. Looking at both the woman on the upper left corner and the wife on the right, both of their earlobes seem to have a perfect tiny hole in them which leads me to assume that they may have been pierced. The only other body part of hers that appears on the relief is her left shoulder and her left forearm which looks like it is leaning against the man’s right arm. I’m not sure if her body is purposely missing because part of the relief had broken off over the years but it seems as though it signifies her as invisible or non-existent. Her eyes are clearly staring at the man sitting down with the sense of sadness and disappointment. She is looking straight at the man but he doesn’t seem to acknowledge her and is looking straight ahead along with his wife which also gives me a reason to think she’s invisible to them. The bottom parts of the marble sculpture which is the base floor that the man is sitting on, and the wife and child are standing on is severely broken and cracked. The only detail on the bottom floor that I can see are three of the wife’s toes wearing a sandal and the child’s feet which look like she is wearing slippers because there are no sign of toes. You can also see the back of the man’s shoes. I don’t think he is wearing sandals because you can clearly see there is no flesh showing. The artist seems to use a lot of thick lines mainly defined on the clothing where you’re able to see multiple folds of the fabric. They all seem to be standing close together as if they are discussing something and because of their sad expressions, they seem to be mourning a death or event that just happened. All their lips seem to curve down on the corners of their mouths with no sign of smiling or even a smirk. None of them are smiling and all four characters have either a melancholy blank stare or sad emotion. All of their eyes have creases but no sign of pupil color except for the slight shadows within the eye which helps to tell which direction their eyes are staring. While staring and piecing the whole relief together, I assume that the woman on the left is actually their daughter since this is a family group sculpture. Going back to the through of her being invisible to the other three leads to my guess that she might possibly be dead. This would explain the overall sadness that is present at the moment. The parents are mourning the death of their daughter while her head present and body missing signifies that she is still there with them, just not physically. Another little detail that I previously noticed was the daughter’s left forearm leaning against her father’s arm. This gives the effect that the daughter is trying to comfort her father while he is grieving. This work shows the natural emotion of humans and they are displayed as realistic. I think that the overall emotion and story behind this relief is done exquisitely by the master who carved it which is why it is said to be one of the most moving funerary reliefs from the Late Classical period.

Battle of Copenhagen in the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Copenhagen in the Napoleonic Wars Battle of Copenhagen - Conflict Date: The Battle of Copenhagen was fought on April 2, 1801, and was part of the War of the Second Coalition (1799-1802). Fleets Commanders: British Admiral Sir Hyde ParkerVice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson20 ships of the line (12 w/ Nelson, 8 in reserve) Denmark-Norway Vice Admiral Olfert Fischer7 ships of the line Battle of Copenhagen - Background: In late 1800 and early 1801, diplomatic negotiations produced the League of Armed Neutrality. Led by Russia, the League also included Denmark, Sweden, and Prussia all of which called for the ability to trade freely with France. Wishing to maintain their blockade of the French coast and concerned about losing access to Scandinavian timber and naval stores, Britain immediately began preparing to take action. In the spring of 1801, a fleet was formed at Great Yarmouth under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker with the purpose of breaking up the alliance before the Baltic Sea thawed and released the Russian fleet. Included in Parkers fleet as second-in-command was Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, then out of favor due to his activities with Emma Hamilton. Recently married to a young wife, the 64-year old Parker dithered in port and was only coaxed to sea by a personal note from First Lord of the Admiralty Lord St. Vincent. Departing port on March 12, 1801, the fleet reached the Skaw a week later. Met there by diplomat Nicholas Vansittart, Parker and Nelson learned that the Danes had refused a British ultimatum demanding they leave the League. Battle of Copenhagen - Nelson Seeks Action: Unwilling to take decisive action, Parker proposed blockading the entrance to the Baltic despite the fact he would be outnumbered once the Russians could put to sea. Believing that Russia posed the greatest threat, Nelson fervently lobbied Parker to bypass the Danes to attack the Tsars forces. On March 23, after a council of war, Nelson was able to secure permission to attack the Danish fleet which had concentrated at Copenhagen. Entering the Baltic, the British fleet hugged the Swedish coast to avoid fire from the Danish batteries on the opposite shore. Battle of Copenhagen - Danish Preparations: At Copenhagen, Vice Admiral Olfert Fischer prepared the Danish fleet for battle. Unready to put to sea, he anchored his ships along with several hulks in the Kings Channel, near Copenhagen, to form a line of floating batteries. The ships were supported by additional batteries on land as well as the Tre Kroner fortress at the northern end of the line, near the entrance to Copenhagen harbor. Fischers line was also protected by the Middle Ground Shoal which separated the Kings Channel from the Outer Channel. To hinder navigation in these shallow waters, all navigation aids were removed. Battle of Copenhagen - Nelsons Plan: To assault Fischers position, Parker gave Nelson the twelve ships of the line with the shallowest drafts, as well as all of the fleets smaller vessels. Nelsons plan called for his ships to turn into the Kings Channel from the south and have each ship attack a predetermined Danish vessel. As the heavy ships engaged their targets, the frigate HMS Desiree and several brigs would rake the southern end of the Danish line. To the north, Captain Edward Riou of HMS Amazon was to lead several frigates against the Tre Kroner and land troops once it had been subdued. While his ships were fighting, Nelson planned for his small flotilla of bomb vessels to approach and fire over his line to strike the Danes. Lacking charts, Captain Thomas Hardy spent the night of March 31 covertly taking soundings near the Danish fleet. The next morning, Nelson, flying his flag from HMS Elephant (74), ordered the attack to begin. Approaching the Kings Channel, HMS Agamemnon (74) ran around on the Middle Ground Shoal. While the bulk of Nelsons ships successfully entered the channel, HMS Bellona (74) and HMS Russell (74) also ran aground. Battle of Copenhagen - Nelson Turns a Blind Eye: Adjusting his line to account for the grounded ships, Nelson engaged the Danes in a bitter three-hour battle that raged from around 10:00 AM until 1:00 PM. Though the Danes offered heavy resistance and were able to shuttle reinforcements from the shore, superior British gunnery slowly began to turn the tide. Standing offshore with the deeper draft ships, Parker was unable to accurately see the fighting. Around 1:30, thinking that Nelson had been fought to a standstill but was unable to retreat without orders, Parker ordered the signal for break off action hoisted. Believing that Nelson would ignore it if the situation warranted, Parker thought he was giving his subordinate an honorable reprieve. Aboard Elephant, Nelson was stunned to see the signal and ordered it acknowledged, but not repeated. Turning to his flag captain Thomas Foley, Nelson famously exclaimed, You know, Foley, I only have one eye - I have the right to be blind sometimes. Then holding his telescope to his blind eye, he continued, I really do not see the signal! Of Nelsons captains, only Riou, who could not see Elephant, obeyed the order. In attempting to break off fighting near the Tre Kroner, Riou was killed. Shortly thereafter, the guns towards the southern end of the Danish lines began falling silent as the British ships triumphed. By 2:00 Danish resistance had effectively ended and Nelsons bomb vessels moved into position to attack. Seeking to end the fighting, Nelson dispatched Captain Sir Frederick Thesiger ashore with a note for Crown Prince Frederik calling for a cessation of hostilities. By 4:00 PM, after further negotiations, a 24-hour ceasefire was agreed upon. Battle of Copenhagen - Aftermath: One of Nelsons great triumphs, the Battle of Copenhagen cost the British 264 dead and 689 wounded, as well as varying degrees of damage to their ships. For the Danes, casualties were estimated at 1,600-1,800 killed and the loss nineteen ships. In the days after the battle, Nelson was able negotiate a fourteen-week armistice during which the League would be suspended and the British given free access to Copenhagen. Coupled with the assassination of Tsar Paul, the Battle of Copenhagen effectively ended the League of Armed Neutrality. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of CopenhagenHistory of War: Battle of CopenhagenAdmiral Nelson.org: Battle of Copenhagen